natural food sources of l-carnitine Ingredient Insight: L- Carnitine You may have heard in the fitness world… but what actually is it and why is it important? From energy production and exercise performance to recovery Essential L-Carnitine | Optimal Health

K., & Jimnez-Martnez, C

If carnitine is hydroxylated, you can could put a hydroxide in the end, like 3-hydroxy octadecenoyl carnitine (C18:1-OH)

Even though the 3D structure of OCTN2 is still not known, the molecular determinants for substrate specificity have been revealed: one ammonium and one carboxylate groups are strictly required for transport, while the distance between them is not important (Ohashi et al., 2002

PLoS ONE 3 , e1376 (2008)

For people who dont tolerate oral supplements well or who simply want a more reliable, controlled dose the injectable form is appealing

Clinical consequences of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients