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AOD-9604: The AOD-9604 peptide remains unapproved in most markets despite extensive research

In recent years, intranasal (IN) drug delivery has emerged as a promising strategy to bypass the BBB, providing a direct nose-to-brain delivery route via olfactory and trigeminal pathways while minimizing systemic exposure

66 Human clinical studies remain limited to small, non-randomized, or retrospective case series, which cannot support definitive therapeutic claims.64

Essential elements include HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) purity testing showing 98% or higher purity, mass spectrometry confirming correct molecular identity, and endotoxin testing ensuring bacterial contamination remains within safe limits

Mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium dysregulation in Leigh syndrome induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons