Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics, including counts and percentages for categorical variables and means (SD) for continuous variables
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Gastric acid inhibitors: Medications such as Prilosec, Prevacid and Zantac may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption by slowing the release of gastric acid into the stomach, which can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency
With more than 10 million prescriptions filled annually in the U.S., metronidazole is a front-line oral antibiotic used commonly for parasitic and anaerobic bacterial infections, according to Appilis website
Vitamin B12 Deficiency, StatPearls Publishing (2022) Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products, Nutrition Reviews (2015) Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability, Experimental Biology and Medicine (2007) Association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and subclinical atheromatous plaques, Journal of Clinical Medicine (2023) The impact of vitamin B12 supplementation on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic neuropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Cureus (2022) The effects of daily dose and treatment duration of metformin on the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter crosssectional study, Journal of Diabetes (2023) Medically accurate: SingleCares Medical Review Board analyzes all of our content to confirm its in line with current medical advice
Less common are temporary tingling or, in rare cases, allergic reactions such as rash or swelling
