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Glutathione is a tripeptide, which is a fancy way of saying it is made up of three specific amino acids: cysteine, glutamate, and glycine

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Under oxidative stress these three systems work in concert to detoxify ROS and lipid peroxides, maintain protein structure and function via thiol repair, prevent activation of redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways, and preserve mitochondrial membrane integrity and prevent apoptosis

The oxidative stress generated by ACE activity is due to the effects of its product, ANGII, which increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of NADPH oxidase and the generation of peroxynitrite anions

Mutations in either gene impair this surveillance, allowing damaged mitochondria to persist and propagate oxidative stress ( 2.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress Mitochondrial complex I deficiency is consistently observed in PD, leading to impaired ATP synthesis and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( Furthermore, LRRK2 mutationsparticularly G2019Sare linked to disrupted mitochondrial dynamics, altered kinase activity, and aberrant autophagy ( 2.3 Ferroptosis: iron-mediated cell death Ferroptosis is an emerging mechanism in PD, characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation