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Mitochondrial Metabolic Research: Used in assays designed to observe mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and ATP-related cellular processes

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Schapira, 2010)

3.1.4 Carotenoids (-carotene, lutein, etc.) Carotenoids are a series of potent antioxidants, primarily involving-carotene, lutein, and others, with the ability to grab and neutralize oxygen free radicals like singlet oxygen ( in vivo through quenching singlet oxygen (1O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by physical and chemical reactions ( To be specific, carotenoids can efficiently neutralize parlous free radicals by physical quenching of singlet oxygen (1O2) and other ROS, which is importaant for protecting the integrity of cell membranes and organelle functions, particularly under conditions of oxidative stress ( Hence, carotenoids, with their potential antioxidant features, is of great importance in keeping the structure and function of periodontal tissues from oxidative damage, emphasizing their possible application in keeping oral health