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Pr Dreno has served as consultant/received honoraria from Bristol Meyers Squibb, Almirall, Galderma, La Roche Posay, Pierre Fabre and Bioderma

The bioavailability difference between the two routes compounds the distinction: topical application creates a localized skin depot, while injection delivers the peptide systemically at concentrations impossible to achieve through the skin barrier

Conversely, prolonged elevation of GLUT1 expression can detrimentally impact cartilage by promoting excessive glucose absorption and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (3739)

The dual activation of these pathways may provide enhanced protection against beta cell dysfunction and death, potentially offering disease-modifying effects beyond symptomatic glucose control

On the basis of novel data and hypothesis on the possible role of scarce glutathione (GSH) levels in the exacerbation of COVID-19 and of the GSH depleting activity of PAC, this commentary raises the question of whether PAC may be the better choice

Further, positive effects of benfotiamine treatment have been shown in several animal models of diabetes