Abbreviations GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid ATP: Adenosine triphosphate ADP: Adenosine diphosphate CARNS1: Carnosine synthase 1 ATPGD1: ATP-grasp domain-containing protein CN1: Serum carnosinase CN2: Tissue carnosinase CNDP1: Carnosine dipeptidase 1 CNDP2: Carnosine dipeptidase 2 DHPR: Dihydropyridine receptor SERCA: Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase ROS: Reactive oxygen species HNE: 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal MDA: Malondialdehyde ALE: Advanced lipoxidation end products NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B TNBS: 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonate TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha NOS: Nitric oxide synthase NO: Nitric oxide IFN-: Interferongamma TGF-: Transforming growth factor- CCL24: Chemokine (CC motif) ligand 24 Smad3: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 ALK5: Activin receptor-like kinase-5 Smad2: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 SV40: Simian virus 40 C-6: Rat glioma cell line IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin 8 H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide LCMS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ISRCTN: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number References Abe H (2000) Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle

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