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Research published in PMC shows that IGF-1 increases muscle protein synthesis through a specific cellular pathway called PI3K/Akt/mTOR

Instead of speeding up surface turnover, it signals fibroblasts in the deeper dermal layer to support collagen and elastin, and it carries copper for the enzymes that help cross-link new collagen

Mispairing C57BL/6 substrains of genetically engineered mice and wild-type controls can lead to confounding results as it did in studies of JNK2 in acetaminophen and concanavalin A liver injury

Therefore, wed expect balding men (who are suffering from inflammatory conditions like scalp calcification) to have higher serum IGF-1 levels

Microglial ferroptosis has been shown to induce neurotoxic astrocytes through pro-inflammatory signaling (such as IL-6 and TNF-), and ferroptosis-related genes including ACSL4 and GPX4 are highly enriched in microglia within HD lesions

Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Andreas Faissner, Laurent Groc and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work