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However, when inflammation becomes chronic, it contributes to the development and progression of various diseases [17]

& Stepie, M

465,466,467,468 In RA, mitochondrial dysfunction drives chronic synovial inflammation despite preserved mitochondrial mass

UVvis spectra were acquired using a Multiskan SkyHigh microplate spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific) and 96-well plates (Corning) or quartz cuvettes using SkanIt software

Chemicals for HPLCMS/MS 5,5-Dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), methanol, acetonitrile, 1 mM ammonium acetate, 0.1 % TFA, and formic and acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

Third, biomarker deficiencies, where current indicators (e.g., malondialdehyde for lipid peroxidation) lack spatiotemporal resolution, necessitating advanced dynamic imaging probes (e.g., FRET-based disulfide bond sensors)