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Similarly, ROS also enhance inflammation through NF-B pathway activation, leading to IB degradation, NF-B nuclear translocation, and transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory mediators [93, 94]

Initially used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, DHODH inhibitors were later found helpful in treating cancer, viral infections, and blood disorders [55,56,57,58]

Over time, this popularity spread to India, sometimes alongside misleading claims about "skin whitening." It's important to make a clear distinction here: skin glow is not the same as skin whitening

Glutamate excitotoxicity can lead to increased production of neuronal nitrogen oxide synthase (nNOS) which in turn can lead to higher production of reactive nitrogen species, damage to cellular components, and ultimately, cell death (Sullivan and Brown, 2005), and this is thought to be mediated by the oxidative stress triggered by excitotoxicity (Nguyen et al., 2011)

Em muitos casos, os estudos disponveis foram realizados apenas em animais ou em pesquisas preliminares, sem validao clnica robusta em seres humanos

Additional biomarkers like neuroinflammatory markers (e.g., TNF, IL6) and genetic variants (e.g., LRRK2, GBA mutations) contribute to early risk stratification [64, 79, 173, 250]