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J Biol Chem 276:80948103

The increased inositol-requiring enzyme 1 expression by PFOS, which indicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, was associated with PFOS-mediated autophagy activation that could be attenuated through 4-phenylbutyrate (5 mM, an ER stress inhibitor) and l-Carnitine pretreatment

A possible role of ProP, ProU and CaiT in osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by carnitine

Potential therapeutic role of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in neurological disorders

[141] found that daily supplementation with 2,000 mg oxaloacetate for 3 month significantly reduced fatigue levels by over 25% from baseline compared to the rice flour placebo

mTORC1 activation subsequently leads to two critical events: the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates IRS-1 and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) (88), and the inhibition of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB), a key molecule in the insulin signaling cascade (89)