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Haston, S

doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7921 83 RasheedZAnbazhaganANAkhtarNRamamurthySVossFRHaqqiTM

ZM: Writing review & editing, Formal analysis, Data curation

In addition to immune-mediated myelin damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired energy metabolism have emerged as central contributors to axonal degeneration [109]

This leads to the activation of protein kinase C, which in turn regulates melanogenesis through the phosphorylation of tyrosinase (197, 198)

Among those, it appears that saffron can help improve mood and a sense of well-being when faced with acute stressors.58 And a systematic review of studies also shows that regular saffron supplementation at around 28-30mg per day can improve the duration and quality of sleep.104 Bacopa monnieri Bacopa monnieri is a frequently seen botanical nootropic ingredient thats common for two good reasons: its one of the better-studied nootropic ingredients, and it improves choline levels, giving ingredients like citicoline or alpha-GPC a boost.69 According to a 2014 meta-analysis, Bacopa seems to improve your attention and decrease reaction time.20 However, that same study discusses the limitations of the data, specifically that there is no head-to-head comparison between bacopa and a comparable prescription nootropic to consider