Working with an animal model of MS as well as human post-mortem brains, the researchers found that fingolimod suppresses neuroinflammation by functionally and physically regulating B 12 communication pathways, specifically elevating a B 12 receptor called CD320 needed to take up and use needed B 12 when it is bound to TCN2, which distributes B 12 throughout the body, including the CNS
Rafnsson S, Saravanan P, Bhopal R, Yajnik C
E CY, Cai Y, Sun BZ, Guan LY, Jiang T
& Brschweiler, R
Testosterone cypionate injections may be a suitable option for men in Richmond Hill experiencing symptoms of low testosterone, such as fatigue, low energy, reduced libido, or difficulty maintaining motivation
The complete side effect frequency breakdown from Phase 2 trials: Very Common (20%+ of patients at 12mg dose) Nausea: 28% Typically mild to moderate, peaks weeks 4-8, usually resolves by week 12 Diarrhea: 24% Usually transient (1-3 weeks), rarely severe Constipation: 21% Paradoxically coexists with diarrhea in different patients Common (10-20% of patients) Vomiting: 17% Decreased appetite: 16% (beyond therapeutic effect) Injection site reactions: 14% Fatigue: 13% Dyspepsia (indigestion): 12% Headache: 11% Uncommon (2-10% of patients) Abdominal pain: 8% Dizziness: 7% Gastroesophageal reflux: 6% Hypoglycemia in diabetics on other medications: 5% Increased heart rate (average 2-4 bpm): 4% Hair thinning/loss: 3% (typically temporary) Rare but Serious (Under 2%) Pancreatitis: 0.3% (3 cases out of 1,032 patients, all resolved with discontinuation) Gallbladder events: 1.4% (expected with rapid weight loss regardless of method) Acute kidney injury: 0.7% (all cases associated with severe dehydration) KEY TAKEAWAY: About 30% experience meaningful nausea in the first 4-8 weeks
