glutathione homocysteine cysteine Transsulfuration Activity Can Support Cell Growth upon Extracellular Limitation What is Cystathionine? High and

Theoretically, the export of both types substrates is possible from chloroplasts as the transamination (and also deamination reactions) of keto acids could be catalyzed by both chloroplastidic BCAT3 ( in vitro were not successful till now, as the direct measurements of transport of these substrates in artificial membranes is problematic due to higher hydrophobicity of substrates leading to unspecific membrane binding and permeation, which override the specific transport events ( PAPS/PAP ANTIPORTER IN CHLOROPLASTS Along with the BAT5, which exchanges 2-keto acids between chloroplast and the cytoplasm, the chloroplastidic transporter of activated sulfate (PAPS), which is essential for the sulfation of GSLs, flavonols, peptides, and other sulfated compounds in the cytoplasm has been recently identified ( Figures 1 and 2 , transporter 5)

As mentioned above, GSH cellular concentrations are regulated by GSH-mediated GCL inhibition (Figures 2, 3)

Yang et al., 2022b)

Lipid peroxidations byproducts, such as 4-hydroxynonenal or malondialdehyde, can react with lysine amino groups, histidine imidazole groups, or cysteine sulphydryl groups to damage proteins (153)

IQR/median more than 0.3 in the liver stiffness values using TE were excluded

We propose that the seemingly opposing roles of GSH in cell survival and cell death reflect the spatial, metabolic, and microenvironmental context in which GSH homeostasis is disrupted