l carnitine effect on sperm of L-carnitine (LC) parameters in control and treated L-CARNITINE SUPPLEMENTATION BEFORE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Key principles of conjugation: All six pathways require specific cofactors (nutrient deficiencies directly impair detoxification) Competition exists between pathways when a single substrate can be conjugated by more than one enzyme Conjugation does not always produce a less toxic product (some sulfation and acetylation reactions generate reactive metabolites) Conjugated products must still be transported out of the cell via Phase III transporters (MRP, P-gp, BCRP) for excretion R Bile is the primary excretion route for large, glucuronidated, and glutathione-conjugated metabolites Urine handles smaller, sulfated and acetylated conjugates The balance between Phase I activation and Phase II conjugation is critical

Socci DJ, Crandall BM, Arendash GW

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, baker's yeast, brewer's yeast, Candida utilis , Candida tropicalis , and Kluyveromyces marxianus ) [3] following disruption of the cell membrane by various means [4]