Flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis potential: PMC12446177 Evidence Summary Preclinical: IBD/colitis models: High remission rates, restored mucosal architecture, improved barrier function Tendon repair: Accelerated healing, improved tensile strength, reduced fibrosis Neurovascular: Sciatic nerve protection, enhanced blood vessel growth in nerve tissue Human data (emerging): Interstitial cystitis pilot (2024, n=12): 10/12 complete resolution, 2/12 at 80% improvement IV safety study (2025, n=2): no adverse effects on cardiac, hepatic, renal, or glucose biomarkers Knee pain retrospective (2021, n=17): 91.6% reported significant improvement No large-scale controlled trials published Safety: No immunosuppression or hormonal disruption in available data 2025 systematic review (HSS Journal): recommends caution due to limited high-quality clinical evidence 2025 narrative review: flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis risk Stable in gastric acid (oral administration viable) No observed toxicity at therapeutic doses in published reports Foundational Reviews Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (JCYJ20230807142202004) supported the publication fees for this study
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[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 110.Hoskins A., Roberts J.L., Milne G., Choi L., Dworski R
mechanism of action and therapeutic strategies of nanostructures
Outside the intestines, butyrate exerts potentially useful effects on many conditions, including hemoglobinopathies, genetic metabolic diseases, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and ischemic stroke (Canani et al., 2011)
