Abbreviations 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine ATF: Activation transcription factor CCCP: Carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein DA: Dopamine DAQ: DA-quinone DOPAC: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid DOPAL: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde ER: Endoplasmic reticulum GSH: Glutathione iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell IRE1: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine LRRK2: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 MAM: Mitochondrial-associated membrane MAO-B: Monoamine oxidase B MCU: Mitochondrial calcium uniporter MEF2C: Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C MPP + : 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrabydropyridine mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide PERK: Pancreatic ER kinase-like ER kinase PD: Parkinsons disease PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1 ROS: Reactive oxygen species SN: Substantia nigra SNARE: Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor SOD: Superoxide dismutase TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase TOM: Translocase of the outer membrane UPR: Unfolded protein response UPS: Ubiquitin-proteasome system VMAT2: Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 VTA: Ventral tegmental area WT: Wild type XBP1: X-box binding protein 1 References Bellucci A, Mercuri NB, Venneri A, Faustini G, Longhena F, Pizzi M, et al
But who can complain
Leucine is known to activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting macrophage autophagy and leading to macrophage accumulation on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, which accelerates atherosclerosis development (104)
The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives
The oxidative phase is also prevented from taking place and therefore NADPH is not produced
What is largely missing is the tier that decides clinical questions: randomized, controlled, blinded human trials with objective endpoints
