37 (6), e98089
Abbreviations 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: Monosodium salt BCA: Bicinchoninic acid assay CCK-8: Cell Counting Kit-8 cCPPs: Cyclic cell-penetrating peptides Ce 3+ : Trivalent Ce 4+ : Tetravalent CeNPs: Ceria nanoparticles CPPs: Cell-penetrating peptides ddH 2 O: Double distilled water DMEM: Dulbeccos modified eagles medium DMPO: 5,5-Dimethyl-1-Pyrroline-N-Oxide DSPE-PEG 2000 : 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene-glycol)-2000 ESR: Electron spin resonance FBS: Fetal bovine serum FeS: Iron-sulfur FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 H&E: Hematoxylin and Eosin HCECs: Human corneal epithelial cells HLEB3: Human lens epithelial cell line HORAC: Hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity HR-TEM: High-resolution transmission electron microscope ICP-MS: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry LECs: Lens epithelial cells MALDI-TOF MS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry MPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore OH: Hydroxyl radicals PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline PMSF: Protease inhibitors PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride RCD: Regulating cell death RIPA: Radio-immunoprecipitation assay ROS: Reactive oxygen species SAED: Selected area electron diffraction SD: Standard deviation SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis TEM: Transmission electron microscopy TJ: Tight junction UVB: Ultraviolet B WST-1: Water-soluble tetrazolium salt XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD: X-ray diffraction ZO: Zonula occludens References Pesudovs K, et al
Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by any official health authority
If the downstream steps of glutathione synthesis cannot keep pace, due to either limited glycine availability, reduced enzymatic capacity, or energy depletion, this intermediate will accumulate
Those looking for a vegetarian-friendly source of L-Carnitine
Insider Tip: Like many other prescription or supplemental products, peptides should generally be stored in a cool, dry, dark place to prevent degradation
