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This modulation is evidenced by the upregulation of FPN1, DJ-1, Nrf2, GPX4, and SLC7A11 proteins in the hippocampus, coupled with the downregulation of TfR1, FTH1, FTL, and ACSL4 proteins (Long et al., 2024)

This is in analogy to mutation rates, which are higher for repetitive elements since they are less subjected to natural selection and DNA repair mechanisms 32

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102 Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the only way to degrade cyclic nucleotides in the body, thereby ending the biochemical effects conducted by these second messengers (cAMP or cGMP)

With inadequate repair materials the joints, blood vessels, & skin cells suffer and degenerate faster