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Sanchez-Arroyo A, Plaza-Vinuesa L, Rivas BL, Mancheno JM, Munoz R (2023) The salicylate 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans DSM 6986(T) is a bifunctional enzyme that inactivates the mycotoxin ochratoxin A by a novel amidohydrolase activity

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Furthermore, HSP70 could be considered a potential marker to evaluate disease activity.3,5,6 On the other hand, MxA protein (human mixovirus resistance protein 1), inducible by IFN-, shows strong expression in active perilesional vitiligo skin, suggesting a contributing effect of IFN- in disease progression.7 Similarly, S100B is another DAMP released by damaged melanocytes, whose levels are increased in active vitiligo and can stimulate inflammatory responses.8 Also, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) proteins can induce the production of chemokine ligands, such as CXCL1 or IL-8 by keratinocytes, acting in the recruitment of immune cells.9 Calreticulin (CRT) is another of the most studied molecules in vitiligo, as it induces melanocyte apoptosis and the release of membrane degradation products important for immunogenicity.10 Melanocyte adhesion deficiency Several research groups have demonstrated that melanocytes in vitiligo exhibit reduced adhesive properties

and an excellent source (20-50% daily value) of copper, selenium, vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), and vitamin B7 (biotin)

Tight junction proteins are the main functional proteins of the intestinal barrier, which will enlarge the intercellular space, increase intestinal mucosal permeability to increase translocation of bacteria such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to cause inflammatory response (Horowitz et al., 2023)