In mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, CD4+ T cells with the silence of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2) impede the formation and growth of memory CD4+ T cells, which is attributed to the IL-7-activated mTORC2AKTGSK3 signaling pathway, leading to excessive GPX4 peroxidase and suppression of ferroptosis in memory cells (98)
Patents and pharmaceutical interest: Washington State University researchers patented Dihexa for potential use in Alzheimers and dementia therapies, but no pharmaceutical company has taken it through regulatory development

In severe cases, adults may develop osteomalacia (soft bones), whilst children may develop rickets Fatigue and low mood : Persistent tiredness and depressive symptoms, though there is no official link definitively established between vitamin D levels and mood disorders Increased infection susceptibility : Some evidence suggests a link with recurrent respiratory infections, though clinical trial evidence is mixed and benefits appear modest Hair loss : Some observational studies have associated diffuse hair thinning with low vitamin D levels, though this relationship requires further research Vitamin B12 deficiency typically develops gradually and can cause significant neurological and haematological complications: Anaemia symptoms : Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and palpitations due to megaloblastic anaemia Neurological manifestations : Paraesthesia (pins and needles), particularly in hands and feet
Conflicts of interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
NAD is essential for: Mitochondrial energy production it serves as a coenzyme in the electron transport chain, driving ATP synthesis
Injecting too far from the injury site Local injections work best for tendon or joint injuries