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The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine dependence adults seeking to discontinue e cigarette use ScienceDirect Frontiers Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of vaping among university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross sectional study Development and initial validation of a new self report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products Scientific Reports Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. E cigarette use to reduce cigarette smoking may not increase nicotine dependence Penn State University

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