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The larva grows in a series of stages (instars)
Abbreviations ACTB: Actin B AEGM: Airway epithelial cell growth medium ALI: Airliquid interface ATP5F1A: ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha B2M: Beta-2 microglobulin, BEGM: Bronchial epithelial cell growth medium BSA: Bovine serum albumin BMI: Body mass index BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3 BNIP3L: BCL2 Interacting protein 3-Like COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CS: Cigarette smoke COXII: Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II COXIII: Cytochrome C oxidase subunit III COXIV: Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 4I1 CYC1: Cytochrome C-1 CYTB: Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome B DNM1L: Dynamin-1-Like ESRRA: Estrogen related receptor, alpha FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in first second FIS1: Fission, mitochondrial 1 FOXJ1: Forkhead box J1 FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1 FVC: Forced vital capacity GABARAPL1: GABA type a receptor associated protein like 1 HADHA: Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha HBSS: Hanks balanced salt solution HK2: Hexokinase 2 KRT5: Keratin 5 KRT14: Keratin 14 MAP1LC3A: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha MAP1LC3B: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta MFN1: Mitofusin 1 MFN2: Mitofusin 2 MUC5AC: Mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming NDUFB3: NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3 NDUFB8: NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8 NRF1: Nuclear respiratory factor 1, NRF2: Nuclear respiratory factor 2 OPA1: OPA1, Mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PBEC: Primary bronchial epithelial cells PDK4: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 PINK1: PTEN Induced kinase 1 PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARA: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha PPARD: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARGC1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 PPARGC1A: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 Alpha PPARGC1B: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta PPIA: Peptidylprolyl isomerase A PPRC1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator-related 1 PRKN: Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase RPL13A: Ribosomal protein L13A SCGB1A1: Secretoglobin family 1a member 1 SDHB: Succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B SEM: Standard error of the mean SQSTM1: Sequestosome 1, transcript variant 1/4 TBST: Tween20 Tris-buffered saline TEER: Transepithelial electrical resistance TFAM: Transcription Factor A, mitochondrial TOMM20: Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 TP63: Tumor protein P63 UQCRC2: Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 2 References GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators
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Discreet smokers often look for: Lighter blends with low tar and nicotine Charcoal or advanced filters that reduce residual smoke Tobacco leaves are processed for smoother combustion Balanced moisture levels to prevent harsh burning Choosing cigarettes with these qualities helps you stay fresh even after smoking, which is especially useful in indoor or social settings
